Potential DNS Tunneling via NULL or Long DNS Queries

Identifies DNS query patterns associated with tunneling, including rare NULL queries, repeated TXT queries with unusually long names, and clients generating many unique, long subdomains under one registered domain within a five-minute window.

Rule type: esql
Rule indices:

Rule Severity: medium
Risk Score: 47
Runs every:
Searches indices from: now-9m
Maximum alerts per execution: 100
References:

Tags:

  • Domain: Network
  • Use Case: Threat Detection
  • Use Case: Network Security Monitoring
  • Rule Type: ES|QL
  • Tactic: Command and Control
  • Tactic: Exfiltration
  • Data Source: Network Packet Capture
  • Data Source: Fortinet
  • Data Source: Network Traffic
  • Data Source: Zeek
  • Resources: Investigation Guide

Version: 3
Rule authors:

  • Elastic

Rule license: Elastic License v2

This rule requires DNS transaction events from one of the following sources:

  • Elastic Network Packet Capture (network_traffic.dns) in logs-network_traffic.dns-*
  • Fortinet FortiGate DNS logs (fortinet_fortigate.log) in logs-fortinet_fortigate.log-*
  • Elastic Zeek (zeek.dns) in logs-zeek.dns-*
  • Legacy Packetbeat DNS events in packetbeat-* with event.dataset set to dns

Place the sensor where it observes endpoint-to-resolver DNS traffic. If the sensor is upstream of a recursive resolver, or if the captured client is a localhost listener such as 127.0.0.1, Esql.client_ip may identify shared DNS infrastructure instead of the originating endpoint.

DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH), DNS-over-TLS (DoT), and other encrypted DNS traffic are not visible to packet capture unless the sensor receives decrypted DNS telemetry or equivalent resolver logs mapped to ECS.

DNS tunneling encodes data in query labels and often produces many unique, unusually long subdomains under a single apex domain. Some tunneling tools also use rare NULL queries or long TXT query names. This rule aggregates network DNS telemetry for those behavioral patterns without relying on threat intelligence feeds or machine learning jobs.

Compare overlapping apex domains against the machine learning DNS Tunneling rule when that job is enabled.

  • Review Esql.dns_registered_domain, Esql.dns_question_type_values, Esql.total_qualifying_queries, Esql.count_distinct_names, Esql.unique_name_ratio, Esql.max_question_name_length, Esql.max_subdomain_length, and sample values in Esql.sample_names.
  • NULL alerts require at least three queries and two distinct names. Long-TXT alerts require at least five distinct names longer than 100 characters. The general long-subdomain branch retains the original threshold of 25 queries and 15 distinct names across all query types.
  • Esql.count_queries, Esql.count_distinct_names, and Esql.unique_name_ratio describe only long-subdomain activity. For alerts triggered only by NULL or long-TXT queries, both counts may be zero and the ratio will be null.
  • TXT, NULL, CNAME, or MX bursts increase confidence; A/AAAA-only activity can still be tunneling and should not be dismissed on type alone.
  • Use Esql.first_seen, Esql.last_seen, Esql.dataset_values, and Esql.observer_name_values to establish the event span and identify the integrations and sensors that contributed to the alert.
  • Confirm whether Esql.client_ip is a workstation, server, recursive resolver, forwarder, NAT address, or localhost DNS service. Resolver and localhost sources merge many clients and are a common false-positive pattern.
  • Review Esql.destination_ip_values to identify the resolver or authoritative destination observed by the sensor.
  • Pivot on the same client and apex domain in raw DNS events and look for follow-on process, file, or additional C2 activity.
  • CDN, cloud load-balancer, certificate, and software-update services often create long hostnames. Confirm the apex domain reputation and whether the requesting host role normally uses that provider.
  • Security or network appliances performing DNS-based reachability or reputation checks can resemble tunneling. Exclude confirmed appliance addresses after validation.
  • Do not create a global resolver exception until the originating endpoint is known; a shared Esql.client_ip can hide a single infected host behind legitimate bulk lookups.
  • Block the apex domain or forwarding from the affected host at recursive resolvers if malicious activity is confirmed.
  • Isolate the source host and inspect for tunneling tools or malware initiating the queries.
  • Add temporary blocks for the apex domain while scoping additional hosts querying the same name.
from logs-network_traffic.dns-*, logs-fortinet_fortigate.log-*, logs-zeek.dns-*, packetbeat-*
| where
    (
      data_stream.dataset in ("network_traffic.dns", "fortinet_fortigate.log", "zeek.dns")
      or event.dataset == "dns"
    )
    and dns.question.name is not null
    and dns.question.registered_domain is not null
| eval
    Esql.client_ip = COALESCE(client.ip, source.ip),
    Esql.dataset = COALESCE(data_stream.dataset, event.dataset),
    Esql.dns_question_name = TO_LOWER(dns.question.name),
    Esql.dns_registered_domain = TO_LOWER(dns.question.registered_domain),
    Esql.dns_question_type = TO_LOWER(dns.question.type),
    Esql.question_name_length = LENGTH(Esql.dns_question_name),
    Esql.subdomain_length = LENGTH(Esql.dns_question_name) - LENGTH(Esql.dns_registered_domain) - 1
| where
    Esql.client_ip is not null
    and (Esql.dns_question_type is null or Esql.dns_question_type != "ptr")
    and not ENDS_WITH(Esql.dns_question_name, ".arpa")
    and (
      Esql.dns_question_type == "null"
      or Esql.subdomain_length >= 50
      or (Esql.dns_question_type == "txt" and Esql.question_name_length > 100)
    )
| eval
    Esql.long_subdomain_query_name = CASE(
      Esql.subdomain_length >= 50,
      Esql.dns_question_name,
      null
    ),
    Esql.null_query_name = CASE(
      Esql.dns_question_type == "null",
      Esql.dns_question_name,
      null
    ),
    Esql.long_txt_query_name = CASE(
      Esql.dns_question_type == "txt" and Esql.question_name_length > 100,
      Esql.dns_question_name,
      null
    )
| eval Esql.time_window = DATE_TRUNC(5 minutes, @timestamp)
| stats
    Esql.total_qualifying_queries = COUNT(*),
    Esql.count_queries = COUNT(Esql.long_subdomain_query_name),
    Esql.count_distinct_names = COUNT_DISTINCT(Esql.long_subdomain_query_name),
    Esql.null_query_count = COUNT(Esql.null_query_name),
    Esql.null_distinct_names = COUNT_DISTINCT(Esql.null_query_name),
    Esql.long_txt_query_count = COUNT(Esql.long_txt_query_name),
    Esql.long_txt_distinct_names = COUNT_DISTINCT(Esql.long_txt_query_name),
    Esql.max_question_name_length = MAX(Esql.question_name_length),
    Esql.avg_question_name_length = AVG(Esql.question_name_length),
    Esql.max_subdomain_length = MAX(Esql.subdomain_length),
    Esql.avg_subdomain_length = AVG(Esql.subdomain_length),
    Esql.dns_question_type_values = MV_SLICE(VALUES(Esql.dns_question_type), 0, 9),
    Esql.destination_ip_values = MV_SLICE(VALUES(destination.ip), 0, 4),
    Esql.sample_names = MV_SLICE(VALUES(Esql.dns_question_name), 0, 4),
    Esql.dataset_values = MV_SLICE(VALUES(Esql.dataset), 0, 9),
    Esql.observer_name_values = MV_SLICE(VALUES(observer.name), 0, 19),
    Esql.first_seen = MIN(@timestamp),
    Esql.last_seen = MAX(@timestamp)
  by Esql.time_window, Esql.client_ip, Esql.dns_registered_domain
| eval Esql.unique_name_ratio = CASE(
    Esql.count_queries > 0,
    TO_DOUBLE(Esql.count_distinct_names) / Esql.count_queries,
    null
  )
| where
    (
      Esql.count_queries >= 25
      and Esql.count_distinct_names >= 15
    )
    or (
      Esql.null_query_count >= 3
      and Esql.null_distinct_names >= 2
    )
    or (
      Esql.long_txt_query_count >= 5
      and Esql.long_txt_distinct_names >= 5
    )
| keep Esql.*

Framework: MITRE ATT&CK

Framework: MITRE ATT&CK